Richard S. Tufts served as President of the USGA for two years in 1956 and 1957, but he is perhaps most famous for his role in the Rules Summit of 1951, in which the USGA and the Royal & Ancient agreed to uniformity. Tufts created the standard set-up for championships: tight fairways, graduating rough, and firm and fast greens.
Tufts formulated the modern USGA Handicap System of drawing on the best 10 of the past 20 rounds and instigated the conversion of the USGA Green Section from modest research supporter to a national network of visiting agronomists.
Tufts also helped write and publish The Principles Behind the Rules of Golf in 1960, in which he wrote that “underlying the Rules are two very simple principles: play the course as we find it and play the ball as it lies.” The topic came up in Advanced Rules of Golf with PGA Professional Ed Ekis as part of our discussion on Rule 13: Ball Played as It Lies.
13-1. General
The ball must be played as it lies, except as otherwise provides in the Rules.
13-2. Improving Lie, Area of Intended Stance or Swing, or Line of Play
A player must not improve or allow to be improved the position or lie of the ball, the area of his intended stance or swing, his line of play or a reasonable extension of that line beyond the hole, or the area in which he is to drop or place a ball by any of the following actions: pressing a club on the ground; moving, bending or breaking anything growing or fixed (including immovable obstructions and objects defining out of bounds); creating or eliminating irregularities of surface; removing or pressing down sand, loose soil, replaced divots or other cut turf placed in position; or removing dew, frost or water.
However, the player incurs no penalty if the following actions occur: grounding the club lightly when addressing the ball; fairly taking his stance, in making a stroke or the backward movement of his club for a stroke and the stroke is made; creating or eliminating irregularities of surface within the teeing ground; removing dew, frost or water from the teeing ground, or on the putting green; removing sand and loose soil; or in repairing damage (Rule 16-1).
13-3. Building Stance
A player is entitled to place his feet firmly in taking his stance, but he must not build a stance.
13-4. Ball in Hazard; Prohibited Actions
Except as provided in the Rules, before making a stroke at a ball that is in a hazard (whether a bunker or a water hazard) or that, having been lifted from a hazard, may be dropped or placed in the hazard, the player must not:
a. Test the condition of the hazard or any similar hazard;
b. Touch the ground in the hazard or water in the water hazard with his hand or a club;
c. Touch or move a loose impediment lying in or touching the hazard.
Exceptions:
Provided nothing is done that constitutes testing the condition of the hazard or improves the lie of the ball, there is no penalty if the player touches the ground of loose impediments in any hazard or water in a water hazard as a result of falling or to prevent falling, removes an obstruction, in measuring or in marking the position of, retrieving, lifting, placing or replacing a ball under any Rule, or places his club in a hazard.
At any time, the player may smooth sand or soil in a hazard provided this is for the sole purpose of caring for the course and nothing is done to breach Rule 13-2 with respect to his next stroke. If a ball played from a hazard is outside the hazard after the stroke, the player may smooth sand and or soil in the hazard without restriction.
If the player makes a stroke from a hazard and the ball comes to rest in another hazard, Rule 13-4a does not apply to any subsequent actions taken in the hazard from which the stroke was made.
Note:
At any time, including at address or in the backward movement for the stroke, the player may touch, with a club or otherwise, any obstruction, any construction declared by the Committee to be an integral part of the course or any grass, bush, tree or other growing thing.
PENALTY FOR BREACH OF RULE:
Match play – loss of hole; Stroke play – two strokes
Portions of this post courtesy of Carolinas Golf Hall of Fame.